Unit
VII Educational planning and financing
Five
year plans: Educational policy making and budgeting
Planning is the process of preparing a
set of decisions for action during a specific period of time to achieve a set
of goals. Educational planning can be defined as ‘the process of setting out in
advance, strategies, policies, procedures, programmes and standards through
which an educational objective can be achieved’
Educational Financing
All allocation of funds to education
should be determined by the educational budget and Improvement of education
should be made within the financial and human. Education should be duly
financed to provide equality of opportunity for the development of the
individuals. It can develop their capacities and talents and leaders can spring
up from all ranks and conditions of life.
The allocation of funds to education purely
from the economic point of view- should be decided by the future needs of
skilled man power in various sectors of national life. Attempts should be made
to reduce the cost of equipment by improvisation etc. Teachers should be given
incentives to do so.
As
Kothari Commission desires that utmost economy should be used in the
construction of the school building. It should be constructed at war-footing.
That will enhance the prestige of education.
Need for Educational Planning
• Adequate
plans help to direct and co-ordinate the actions of employees in order to
achieve maximum effectiveness, efficiency and productivity.
• Planning
is necessary for administrative decisions in education
• Educational
plans are designed to avoid in balances and enormous wastes
Five
Year Plans: Educational Policy making and Budgeting:
From the commencement
of economic planning in 1951-52, the education sector has remained the priority
sector of the central as well as the state governments. In the first and
subsequent five year plans, the government provided development finance to the
States through the Planning Commission, to help meet the capital needs of their
education systems. A brief description of plan priorities with respect to
education is as follows:
The
First Five Year Plan (1951-56)
The First Five Year Plan emphasized
the universalisation of primary education and strengthening of the secondary
education. It aimed to achieve 60% enrollment of those aged up to 11 years - up
from 40% in 1950. Total planned budget was Rs.2069 crore. It was allotted
16.74% for Social activities including Education
Five Indian Institutes of
Technology (IITs) were started as major technical
institutions. The University Grants Commission (UGC)
was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in
the country.
Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961)
The Second Five Year
Plan laid stress on basic education, expansion of elementary education, and
diversification of secondary education. The following were the highlights for
the
• Launched
Indian Statistical Institute, Atomic Energy Commission and Tata institute of
fundamental Research
• Allotment
of money for education is 307 crore
• Primary education :89 crore
• Secondary education : 51 crore
•
Higher education: 57 crore
•
Educational technology and vocational education: 48 crore
•
Social education: 5 crore
•
Administration: 57 crore
•
The Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India were established as research institutes.
•
In 1957, a talent
search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to
train for work in nuclear power
•
The number of Students Enrolment in Primary
education increased in 264.6 to 406.3
lakhs
•
No.of schools for Primary Education
increased in 278.13 to 342 thousands
Third Five year Plan:
(1961-1966)
•
Allotment of
money for education is 400 crore
•
Allotment of
money for Elimentary and Middle school 178 crore
•
Primary
School 45000
•
Secondary School
153,000
•
Students from
Primary& Secondary School increased
upto 539..5 lakhs
•
State Secondary
Education Boards were formed.
•
Education Commission (1964-66) was appointed to
advise ‘on the national pattern of education and on the general principles for
development of education at all stages and in all respects’.
Plan Holidays (from 1966–69)
The main reason behind the plan holiday was
the Indo-Pakistan war & failure of third plan.
Fourth Five Year Plan:
(1969-1974)
At this time Mrs. Indira Gandhi was the Prime
Minister. Incorporating the recommendations of the Education Commission,
the Fourth Five year plan aimed at providing free and compulsory education up
to the age of 14. It was stated that “Facilities for universal elementary
education are pre-requisite for equality of opportunity.” The fourth
plan also focused on for higher education: The highlights of the Fourth
Five Year Plan are as follows:
·
Nationalization of 14 banks
·
Pokran I Nuclear test
·
Allotment of money for education from Central
271 state 499.89 and union territories 51.77crore
·
Importance to Science and technology
·
Focused on In-service training, Curriculum
reform and preparation of books
The Fifth Five Year Plan (1974 to 1979)
The Fifth Five Year Plan
laid emphasis on ensuring equality of opportunities as part of the overall plan
of ensuring social justice.
• Allotment
of money for education was 1284.29 crore
• Allotment
of money for Elimentary and Middle school was 742.8 crore
• Focused
on increasing the employment opportunity, eradicating poverty and social
justice
The Sixth Five Year
Plan (1978-83)
The basic objective
of this plan was poverty eradication and technological self reliance. The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning
of economic liberalization. Following are its highlights:
·
Allotted more money for higher education
·
It was proposed that
universalisation of primary education (for the age group 6-11) would be
achieved by the end of the plan (1985) and universalisation of upper primary
level (11-14) by 1990.
The Seventh Five Year
Plan (1985-90)
Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister and the plan laid
stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of
technology.
The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were
to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of
food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice".
For the first time the private sector got the priority over public sector.
Its highlights are
·
Universalaization of
elementary education will continue to be part of the Minimum Needs Programme.
·
The objective is sought
to be achieved through a combination of formal and non-formal methods, focusing
sharply on the needs of girls and of children belonging to the economically and
socially weaker sections.
Annual Plan (1990 – 1992)
The Eighth Five Year Plan
(1992-97):
In this plan the top
priority was given to development of the human resources i.e. employment,
education, and public health. Duing this plan Narasimha Rao Govt. launched New
Economic Policy of India. It was the beginning
of liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) in India.
·
Universalaization of
elementary education,
·
Eradication of
illiteracy in the age group of 15 to 35
·
Strengthening of
vocational education
·
Focused on girl’s
education and women's literacy which has a beneficial impact on children's
literacy as well as other national objectives like population control and
family welfare.
·
Special attention was
paid to increase retention, improvement of quality, specification of minimum
levels of learning (MLL) and their attainment by the learners.
The Ninth Five Year Plan
(1997-2002):
The Ninth Five-Year Plan came
after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the
prime minister of India during the Ninth Plan.
Special Action Plans (SAPs)
were evolved during the Ninth Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated
time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social
infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy. Following
are its highlights:
·
Primary education was a
major thrust area during the 9th Plan. It was estimated that there would be an
additional enrollment of 2.5 crore children at the lower primary stage and 1.6
crore children at the upper primary level.
·
It was targeted that
75000 additional rooms /buildings will be constructed at the elementary stage.
·
2, 36,000 teachers will
be appointed additionally at the lower primary level and 1, 75,000 teachers at
the upper primary level.
·
There were equity
concerns like low enrollment of girls, educational requirements of special need
groups, like SCs/STs, OBCs, minorities, disabled children, working children,
children from disadvantaged locations like deserts, hilly, coastal and deep
forest areas, children from migratory families etc.
The Tenth Five Year
Plan (2002-2007):
·
The Tenth Plan targets in respect to elementary education were: All
children in the 6-14 age groups should have access to primary schools, upper
primary schools or their alternatives within a walking distance of one Km and
three Kms. respectively.
·
There should be one upper primary school for every two primary
schools.
·
All schools should have buildings, toilets, drinking water, electricity,
playgrounds, blackboards and other basic facilities.
·
There must be provision of one classroom for every teacher at the
elementary stage.
·
Enrollment of all children in schools or alternative arrangements by
2003
·
All children to complete five years of primary schooling by 2007,
Universal retention in the primary stage by 2007
·
Dropout rate to be reduced to less than 10 percent for grades VI-VIII by
2007.
·
Improve the quality of education in all respects to ensure reasonable
learning outcomes at the elementary level, especially in literacy, numeracy and
in life skills.
·
Bridge all gender and social gaps in enrollment, retention and learning
achievement in the primary stage by 2007 and reduce the gap to 5 percent in the
upper primary stage by 2007.
·
The plan document
states: “The Central Government has introduced the 93rd Constitution Amendment
Bill, 2001 for enacting the Fundamental Right to Free and Compulsory Education
for children in the age group of 6-14 years. The enactment of a Central
legislation would result in adequate provisioning of public resources for
improving the accessibility of children to schools, quality up-gradation, and
mitigating the costs of school attendance.”
·
Although the Tenth Five
Year Plan recommended that the outlay by the central government on Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
during 2002-03 to 2006-07 should amount to Rs 17000 crore, it remained short of
funds till 2004-05. The situation eased only when it received combined external
support from the World Bank, DFID and European Commission committing Rs 4700 crore and a further Rs.
5000 crores arising from the imposition of two percent Education Cess on all
central taxes.
The
Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–11):
It
was in the period of Manmohan Singh as a prime minister. Plan focuses on
education with objectives of Reduce
dropout rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20%
by 2011-12, Develop minimum standards of educational attainment in elementary
school, and by regular testing monitor effectiveness of education to ensure
quality, increase literacy rate for persons of age 7
years or above to 85%, lower gender gap in literacy to 10 percentage point,
increase the percentage of each cohort going to higher education from the
present 10% to 15% by the end of the plan. Highlights of this plan are as
follows:
·
It aimed to increase the enrolment in
higher education of 18–23 years of age group by 2011–12.
·
It focused on distant education,
convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and IT education institutions.
·
Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty
reduction).
·
Emphasis on social sector and delivery
of service therein.
·
Empowerment through education and skill
development.
·
Reduction of gender inequality.
·
Environmental sustainability.
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17):
Twelfth
five year plan focuses on universalisation of elementary educations.
The twelfth five year plan has total gross budgetary
support of Rs 3,43,028 crores
to school education and literacy, out of this, share for SSA is Rs. 1,92,726 crores, for MDM, Rs. 90,155 crores, for RMSA Rs. 27,466 crores
and for other components is Rs. 32,681 crores.
The
objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan were:
·
To create 50 million new work
opportunities in the non farm sector.
·
To remove gender and social gap in
school enrolment.
·
To enhance access to higher education.
·
To reduce malnutrition among children
aged 0–3 years.
·
Integration of pre-school education into
schooling especially in the government
schools. Funding for pre-school children under ECCE,
·
Stepping up provision of infrastructure
through convergence with schemes Strengthening of monitoring and evaluation
mechanism including social audit for SSA and MDM scheme with web-based
monitoring for transparency and periodic and sustained third party evaluation.
